Philippe Erlanger (1903–1987) was one of the major figures of French cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century. Born in Paris into an artistic family, he grew up in an environment where music, literature, and theatre played a central role. After studying literature, law, and political science, he turned toward international cultural action, a field that was still young but rapidly developing. In the 1930s, he became a key member of the French Association for Artistic Action, where he organized exhibitions, theatre tours, and cultural exchanges across Europe. As a keen observer of the rise of authoritarian regimes, he witnessed the politicization of the Venice Film Festival and began imagining a free, open, and independent film event. With the support of Minister Jean Zay, he launched in 1939 the project that would become the Cannes Film Festival, serving as its first general delegate after the war. His organizational skills, international network, and passion for the arts helped establish Cannes as a major global meeting point for cinema. At the same time, Erlanger built a successful career as a historian, publishing numerous biographies on key figures of the Renaissance and the Grand Siècle. His lively, narrative style earned him a wide readership. Until his death in 1987, he remained a respected cultural figure, remembered as a passionate diplomat and a builder of lasting institutions.